Title: Pāli Lessons / Lesson 2 / 1. Vocabulary

Q: begins; starts; undertakes
A: ārabhati

Q: effort; energy
A: viriya (nt.)

Q: The elders make an effort.
A: Therā viriyaṁ ārabhanti.

Q: ear
A: sota (nt.)

Q: stream; river
A: sota (m.)

Q: applies (attention); pays; lit. puts down
A: odahati

Q: They give ear.
A: Te sotaṁ odahanti.

Q: privately; alone; secretly
A: raho (ind.)

Q: sitting place; seat
A: nisajjā (f.)

Q: prepares; arranges; considers
A: kappeti

Q: it is suitable; it is allowable
A: kappati

Q: takes a seat; sits down; lit. prepares a seat
A: nisajjaṁ kappeti (idiom.)

Q: Privately, he takes a seat.
A: Raho nisajjaṁ kappeti.

Q: is in solitude; seeks privacy
A: rahāyati

Q: seclusion; solitude
A: viveka (m.)

Q: wishes; wants
A: icchati

Q: Who seeks privacy, he wants solitude.
A: Yo rahāyati, so vivekaṁ icchati.

Q: discontent; aversion; boredom
A: aratī (f.)

Q: death personified
A: māra (m.)

Q: daughter
A: dhītar (f.)

Q: daughter of Māra
A: māradhītar (f.)

Q: Discontent is a dauther of Māra.
A: Aratī ekā māradhītarā.

Q: cloth; garments
A: dussa (nt.)

Q: to/for her; to/for that
A: tassā (f.dat.sg.pron.) [ta + ssā]

Q: He gives her the cloth.
A: So tassā dussaṁ deti.

Q: The man eats rice.
A: Naro bhattaṁ bhuñjati.

Q: The men are cooking.
A: Narā pacanti.

Q: General Sīha goes up to the Buddha.
A: Sīho Senāpati yena bhagavā ten'upasaṅkamati.

Q: I see the moon.
A: Candaṁ passāmi.

Q: You (pl.) don't see the dogs.
A: Sunakhe na passatha.

Q: The boys are running.
A: Dārakā dhāvanti.

Q: You are sitting here.
A: Idha nisīdasi.

Q: She comes from there.
A: Sā tato āgacchati.

Q: We run to the boys.
A: Mayaṁ dārake dhāvāma.

Q: Hey layman, come here!
A: Ehi upāsaka!

Q: sage; hermit
A: muni (m.)

Q: guru; esteemed person
A: garu (m.)

Q: general (army)
A: senānī (m.)

Q: wise man; seer
A: vidū (m.)

Q: cow; ox; cattle
A: go (m.)

Q: takes; accepts; receives
A: paṭiggaṇhāti

Q: goes beyond; surpasses; transgresses
A: accayati

Q: May the Buddha accept (that) transgression.
A: Buddho paṭiggaṇhātu accayantaṃ.

Q: easy; comfortable
A: phāsu (adj.)

Q: lives (in); dwells
A: viharati

Q: Let him live comfortably!
A: Phāsu viharatu!

Q: rain; downpour
A: vassa (m.)

Q: one hundred
A: sata (card.)

Q: lives
A: jīvati

Q: May you live 100 years!
A: Vassasataṁ jīva!

Q: is calmed; is appeased
A: sammati

Q: calmed; tranquillised
A: samita (pp. of sammati)

Q: feels; experiences; senses
A: vedeti

Q: May you feel calm!
A: Samitaṁ vedehi!

Q: Don't go! (imperative)
A: Mā gaccha!

Q: (object of) pleasure; sensual pleasure
A: kāma (m.)

Q: passion; infatuation; lust
A: rāga (m.)

Q: is burned; is scorched; is on fire
A: ḍayhati

Q: May you not burn with sensual desire!
A: Kāmarāgena mā ḍayhatha!

Q: defilement; impurity
A: kilesa (m.)

Q: shines; blazes; burns
A: tapati

Q: May they burn the defilements!
A: Kilese tapantu!

Q: hears
A: suṇāti

Q: Let the Sangha hear me.
A: Suṇātu me bhante saṅgho ...

Q: purity; purification
A: pārisuddhi (f.)

Q: venerable; reverend
A: āyasmant (m.)

Q: Let the Venerables declare purity.
A: Pārisuddhiṁ āyasmanto ārocetha.

Q: teacher; religious leader
A: ācariya (m.)

Q: sage; wise man
A: paṇḍita (m.)

Q: teacher; master
A: satthar (m.) [√sās + tar]

Q: of the teacher; master's; Buddha's
A: satthu (m.) [√sās + tar + u]

Q: wise man; seer; lit. knower
A: vidū (m.) [√vid + ū]

Q: world; cosmos
A: loka (m.)

Q: knower of the world (epithet of the Buddha)
A: lokavidū (m.)

Q: wise man; knowledgable man
A: viññū (m.) [vi + √ñā + ū]

Q: together with / accompanied by
A: saddhiṁ, saha (ind.)

Q: together with the Buddha
A: Buddhena saddhiṁ

Q: together with the teacher
A: ācariyena / ācariyā saddhiṁ

Q: together with the wise men
A: viññūhi saddhiṁ

Q: truth
A: sacca (nt.)

Q: well-being; prosperity
A: suvatthi (f.) [su + √as + ti]

Q: By this truth may there be well-being.
A: Etena saccena suvatthi hotu.

Q: friend
A: mitta (m.)

Q: I, together with a friend, go to the village.
A: Ahaṃ mittena saddhiṃ gāmaṁ gacchāmi.

Q: He wanders about with a woman.
A: Mātugāmena saddhiṃ cārikaṁ carati.

Q: skin
A: taca (m.)

Q: covers up; wraps over
A: onandhati

Q: enveloped (with); wrapped (with)
A: onaddha (pp. of onandhati)

Q: cloth; clothes; robe
A: vattha (nt.)

Q: shines (in); looks beautiful (in)
A: sobhati

Q: A bone covered with skin; it looks beautiful with clothes.
A: Aṭṭhi tacena onaddhaṁ, saha vatthebhi sobhati.

Q: Kaṭhina-cloth
A: kaṭhinadussa (nt.)

Q: The community gives this Kaṭhina-cloth to Ven. Amaro.
A: Saṅgho imaṃ kaṭhinadussaṃ āyasmato Amarassa deti.

Q: reverence (to); homage (to); lit. bow
A: namas (m.) [√nam + as]

Q: the reverence (to); the homage (to); lit. bow
A: namo (ind.; nom.sg. of namas)

Q: Homage to the Buddha.
A: Namo Buddhāya / Buddhassa.

Q: (of fire) extinguishing; quenching; going out; lit. blowing away
A: nibbāna (nt.) [nī + √vā + ana]

Q: leads (to); results (in); causes
A: saṁvattati

Q: It leads to Nibbāna.
A: Nibbānāya saṁvattati.

Q: fun; joke; play
A: dava (m.)

Q: excess; pleasure; indulgence
A: mada (m.)

Q: We eat the almsfood not for fun or indulgence...
A: Mayaṁ piṇḍapātaṁ bhuñjāma neva davāya, na madāya...

Q: ten
A: dasa (card.)

Q: goal; purpose
A: attha (m.)

Q: (1) wish; will; (2) control (over); mastery (over)
A: vasa (m.)

Q: benefit; reason; purpose
A: atthavasa (nt.)

Q: well-being; excellence
A: suṭṭhutā (f.)

Q: for the excellence of the Saṅgha
A: saṅghasuṭṭhutāya

Q: for the ease of the Saṅgha
A: saṅghaphāsutāya

Q: unrepentant; obdurate; obstinate; lit. difficult to embarrass into silence
A: dummaṅku (adj.) [dur + maṅku]

Q: holding back; restraining; lit. holding down
A: niggaha (adj.) [ni + √gah + a]

Q: person; individual
A: puggala (m.)

Q: for restraining obstinate individuals
A: dummaṅkūnaṁ puggalānaṁ niggahāya

Q: well-behaved; good; honest
A: pesala (adj.)

Q: monk; mendicant; lit. beggar
A: bhikkhu (m.)

Q: for the ease of well-behaved monks
A: pesalānaṁ bhikkhūnaṁ phāsuvihārāya

Q: seen; found; visible
A: diṭṭha (pp. of √dis)

Q: concerning this life; regarding this world; relevant to here and now
A: diṭṭhadhammika (adj.)

Q: discharge; suppuration; outflow; effluent
A: āsava (m.)

Q: controls; restrains
A: saṁvarati

Q: control; restraint; holding back
A: saṁvara (m.)

Q: for the restraint of presently visible (mental) effluents
A: diṭṭhadhammikānaṁ āsavānaṁ saṁvarāya

Q: in the future; hereafter
A: samparāyika (adj.)

Q: warding off; repelling; driving off
A: paṭighāta (m.)

Q: for the warding off of future (mental) effluents
A: samparāyikānaṁ āsavānaṁ paṭighātāya

Q: inspiration; faith; trust; confidence; lit. settling
A: pasāda (m.)

Q: who has faith (in); who has confidence (in); lit. settled
A: pasanna (adj.)

Q: one without faith or confidence
A: appasanna (m.)

Q: for (inspiring) faith in those without faith
A: appasannānaṁ pasādāya

Q: more; greater; superior
A: bhiyyo (ind.)

Q: being; becoming; existence
A: bhava (m.)

Q: state; condition; nature
A: bhāva (m.)

Q: growth (of); increase (of); lit. more state
A: bhiyyobhāva (m.) [bhiyyo + bhāva]

Q: for the growth of faithful individuals
A: pasannānaṁ bhiyyobhāvāya

Q: stability; continuity; longevity; lit. standing
A: ṭhiti (f.)

Q: continuity of the good teaching; longevity of the true doctrine
A: saddhammaṭṭhiti (f.)

Q: discipline; training; lit. leading out
A: vinaya (m.)

Q: support; help; assistance
A: anuggaha (m.) [anu + √gah + a]

Q: assistance for the training
A: vinayānuggaha (m.) [vinaya + anuggaha]

Q: healthy; beneficial; good; wholesome
A: kusala (adj.)

Q: welfare (of); benefit (of); blessing
A: hita (nt.)

Q: comfort; happiness; pleasure; contentment
A: sukha (nt.)

Q: These things are wholesome ... lead to long-term happiness,
A: Ime dhammā kusalā ... hitāya sukhāya saṁvattanti

Q: but; rather; even
A: atha (ind.)

Q: (1) then; after that (2) yet; but still; however
A: atha kho (idiom.)

Q: then, Kālāmas, you should undertake them and abide in them...
A: atha tumhe, kālāmā, upasampajja vihareyyātha.

Q: attains; enters on; becomes fully ordained
A: upasampajjati

Q: undertaking; entering on; attaining
A: upasampajja (ger. of upasampajjati)

Q: to/for the cow, the cow's (irregular form)
A: gavassa, gāvassa

Q: fire
A: aggi (m.)

Q: rising (from); emerging (from)
A: uṭṭhāya (ger. of uṭṭhahati)

Q: householder; landowner
A: gahapatika (m.) [gaha + pati + ka]

Q: house; dwelling
A: geha (nt.)

Q: burns; sets fire (to); burns down
A: ḍahati

Q: Fire, having rose up, burns down the householder's house.
A: Aggi uṭṭhāya gahapatikassa gehaṁ ḍahati.

Q: servant; attendant
A: sevaka (m.)

Q: rice; boiled rice; food; lit. wet stuff; boiled in water
A: odana (m.)

Q: The cooks cook the rice for the householder's servants.
A: Sūdā gahapatino sevakānaṁ odanaṁ pacanti.

Q: thief; robber
A: cora (m.)

Q: carries; carries away; takes away
A: harati

Q: cattle; oxen
A: gāvo (m.) [go + āvo]

Q: hits; beats; stabs
A: hanati

Q: is hurt; is killed; is slaughtered
A: haññati (pr. pass. of hanati)

Q: goes to; travels to
A: yāti

Q: they go to; they travel to
A: yanti (3rd.pl of yāti)

Q: Taken away by thieves, the householder's oxen are slaughtered.
A: Corehi haritvā, gahapatino gāvo haññanti.

Q: sun; lit. shining
A: suriya (m.)

Q: light; brightness; clarity
A: āloka (m.)

Q: blind person; lit. dark
A: andha (m.)

Q: darkness; blackness; blindness; lit. blind making
A: andhakāra (m.) [andha + kāra]

Q: goes away, turns aside
A: apagacchati

Q: without; free (from); with no; lit. gone away
A: apagata (adj., pp. of apagacchati)

Q: The darkness was dispelled by the sun's light.
A: Suriyassa ālokena andhakāro apagato.

Q: human being; man; person
A: manussa (m.)

Q: body; physical body
A: kāya (m.)

Q: changes; alters; lit. completely bends around
A: vipariṇamati

Q: change; alteration
A: vipariṇāma (m.)

Q: We don't see the change of the body of the man.
A: Na passāma manussassa kāyassa vipariṇāmaṁ.

Q: beyond; across; over
A: pāraṁ (ind.)

Q: By means of the Teaching, men go to the far shore.
A: Manussā dhammena pāraṁ gacchanti.

Q: The man's oxen are slaughtered.
A: Purisassa goṇo / gāvo haññanti.

Q: beggar; mendicant
A: yācaka (m.)

Q: eaten; consumed
A: khādito (pp. of khādati)

Q: Rice cooked by the cook was eaten by the beggar's dog.
A: Sūdena pacito odano yācakassa sunakhena khādito.

Q: intention; volition; choice; lit. making together
A: saṅkhāra (m.)

Q: illness; affliction
A: ābādha (m.)

Q: these volitions would not lead to affliction
A: na'y'idaṁ saṅkhārā ābādhāya saṁvatteyyuṁ

Q: when; whenever
A: yadā (ind.)

Q: by oneself for/to oneself
A: attanāva attano (idiom.)

Q: When (if) you, Bhaddiya, know this by yourself...
A: Yadā tumhe, bhaddiya, attanāva jāneyyātha...

Q: this indeed; certainly this
A: hidaṁ (sandhi.) [hi + idaṁ]

Q: unbeneficial; harmful
A: ahitāya (dat.sg. of na + hita)

Q: not I
A: nāhaṁ [na + ahaṁ]

Q: but nor do I
A: na panāhaṁ (idiom.) [na + pana + ahaṁ]

Q: (wishing) oh may!; if only!
A: aho vata (idiom.)

Q: death; dying
A: maraṇa (nt.)

Q: we could be; we may be (√as)
A: assāma (opt. pl. of assa)

Q: If only we could not be of the nature to die!
A: Aho vata mayaṁ na maraṇadhammā assāma!

Q: completely comprehends; knows full well
A: parijānāti

Q: gives up; abandons; lets go (of)
A: pajahati

Q: personal; lit. see for oneself
A: sacchi (adj.)

Q: personally experiences, realizes; lit. personally does
A: sacchikaroti

Q: cultivates; develops; lit. causes to become
A: bhāveti

Q: descends (into); goes down (into)
A: otarati

Q: afflicted (with); affected (by)
A: otiṇṇa (pp. of otarati)

Q: changed, altered, distorted
A: vipariṇata (pp. of vipariṇamati)

Q: (1) attains; dwells in (2) engages in; performs
A: samāpajjati

Q: at the very most; for a maximum of
A: paramaṁ (ind.)

Q: personally; with one’s own hand
A: sahatthā (ind.)

Q: is angered; is provoked; is irritated
A: kuppati

Q: indignant; angry; annoyed
A: kupita (pp. of kuppati)

Q: irritated; annoyed; displeased; lit. not own mind
A: anattamana (adj.) [na + atta + mana]

Q: expels (from); throws out; removes; lit. drags out
A: nikkaḍḍhati

Q: congee; sour gruel; rice husk porridge
A: kaṇājaka (nt.)

Q: (1) rice water; congee (2) glue; sticky stuff
A: kañjiya (nt.)

Q: clean; clear; transparent
A: accha (adj.)

Q: rice gruel; rice water
A: acchakañjiyā (f.)

Q: soup; broth
A: yūsa (m.)

Q: untreated soup; bean broth
A: akaṭayūsa (m.)

Q: allows (to); permits (to)
A: anujānāti

Q: He needed rice water (clear congee).
A: Acchakañjiyā attho hoti.

Q: Bhikkhus, I allow rice water (clear congee).
A: Anujānāmi, bhikkhave, acchakañjinti.

Q: He needed bean broth.
A: Akaṭayūsena attho hoti.

Q: Bhikkhus, I allow bean broth.
A: Anujānāmi, bhikkhave, akaṭayūsanti.

Q: pleasure; enjoyment; relish; delight
A: nandi (f.)

Q: is happy (with); delights (in); likes; enjoys
A: nandati

Q: ascetic; renunciant; holy man; monk; recluse; lit. who makes an effort; calm one
A: samaṇa (m.) [√sam + aṇa]

Q: Do you delight, ascetic?
A: Nandasi, samaṇa?

Q: gets; receives; obtains
A: labhati

Q: having got; having obtained
A: laddhā (abs. of labhati)

Q: brother(s); friend(s)
A: āvuso (ind.) [shortened from āyasmanto]

Q: What have I gained, friend?
A: Kiṁ laddhā, āvuso?

Q: sorrows; grieves; mourns
A: socati

Q: therefore; in that case; if that's so
A: tena hi

Q: Well then, ascetic, do you sorrow?
A: Tena hi, samaṇa, socasi?

Q: diminishes; decreases; gets less; is lost
A: jīyati

Q: was lost
A: jīyittha (aor. 3rd. refl. sg. of jīyati)

Q: What have I lost, friend?
A: Kiṁ jīyittha, āvuso?

Q: trouble; misfortune; pain; misery
A: agha (nt.)

Q: untroubled; carefree; problem-free
A: anagha (adj.) [na + agha]

Q: exists (in); is found (in); is present (in)
A: vijjati [√vid + ya + ti]

Q: How?
A: kathaṁ (ind.)

Q: How are you untroubled, mendicant? How is delight not found in you?
A: Kathaṁ tvaṁ anagho bhikkhu, kathaṁ nandī na vijjati?

Q: sitting alone
A: ekamāsīna (adj.) [eka + āsīna]

Q: scatters over; sprinkles
A: abhikīrati

Q: does not drown; does not overwhelm
A: nābhikīrati [na + abhi + √kir + a + ti]

Q: How, as you sit alone, does discontent not overwhelm you?
A: Kathaṁ taṁ ekamāsīnaṁ, aratī nābhikīrati?

Q: chief; headman; leader
A: gāmaṇi (m.) [gāma + aṇi]

Q: throws down; discards; drops
A: nikkhipati

Q: dropped; discarded; set aside
A: nikkhitta (pp. of nikkhipati)

Q: jewel; gemstone
A: maṇi (m.)

Q: gold
A: suvaṇṇa (nt.)

Q: beautiful; lit. good colour
A: suvaṇṇa (adj.)

Q: without; -less; abstaining (from)
A: apeta (adj.)

Q: whose; of/for whom
A: yassa (gen./dat. of ya 'who')

Q: its; of/for that
A: tassa (gen./dat. of /ta/ 'it, that')

Q: string; thread; tie
A: guṇa (m.)

Q: object of sensual pleasure; lit. sensual strings
A: kāmaguṇa (m.)

Q: certainly; definitely; lit. one point-ness
A: ekaṁsena (ind.) [eka + aṁsa + ena]

Q: holds up; carries; bears in mind
A: dhāreti

Q: if; whether; perhaps
A: yadi (ind.)

Q: suitable time (for)
A: pattakalla (nt.)

Q: obligation; duty
A: kicca (nt.)

Q: could be; may be
A: siyā (opt.irreg. of atthi)

Q: offense; transgression
A: āpatti (f.)

Q: silence, quiet
A: tuṇhī (ind.)