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2025-11-26

Pāli language review

(See also: declension cheatsheet and Pāli lessons)

Word order in the simplest case is Subject-Object-Verb, but is flexible due to declensions.
The subject and verb must agree in number. (See Declension Cases Overview)

Saṅgho uposathaṁ karoti. Sūdo bhattaṁ pacati. Dārakā bhojanīyaṁ bhuñjanti.

Translate: The king goes to the village.

sūda (masc) cook; chef [√sūd + a] masc
bhatta 1.1 (nt) food; boiled rice [√bhaj + ta] nt, pp of bhajati
pacati (pr) cooks; bakes; boils; roasts [paca + ti] pr
dāraka (masc) boy; young boy [dāra + ka] masc, dimin of dāra
bhojanīya (nt) cooked food; staple food [√bhuj > bhoj + anīya] nt, ptp of bhuñjati
bhuñjati 1 (pr) eats; consumes [bhuñja + ti] pr
rāja 1 (masc) king; sovereign; lord; ruler [√rāj + a] masc, atta group
gāma 1 (masc) village; hamlet masc

The nominatives may form pairs, read them as equational phrases: A is the B, and C is the D, etc.
Such a sequence forms a "nominal clause". E.g.: Dārako samaṇo.

Cetanā, bhikkhave, kammaṁ. Phasso, bhikkhave, kammānaṁ nidānasambhavo.

cetanā (fem) intending; willing [√cit > cet + *anā] fem, abstr, act, from ceteti
kamma 1 (nt) action; deed; doing [√kar + ma] nt, irreg, from karoti
phassa 1 (masc) sense contact; sense impingement; [√phus > phass + a] masc, from phusati
nidānasambhava (masc) primary cause (of); source of existence (of); [nidāna + sambhava]

Verb conjugation: -ati, -āmi, -asi, -atha (See simple present and future tense)

Taṁ kiṁ maññatha bhikkhave, rūpaṁ niccaṁ vā aniccaṁ vā'ti?

Passatha bhante? Āma āvuso passāmi. Āyatiṁ bhante saṁvareyyātha. Sādhu suṭṭhu āvuso saṁvarissāmi.

Simple past: -i, -iṁsu, -uṁ (See PDF)

... cakkhuṁ udapādi, ñāṇaṁ udapādi, paññā udapādi, vijjā udapādi, āloko udapādi.

Tatra kho bhagavā bhikkhū āmantesi: "bhikkhavo"ti

Attamanā te bhikkhū bhagavato bhāsitaṁ abhinanduṁ.

cakkhu 1 (nt) eye [√cakkh + u] nt
udapādi 1 (aor) arose (for); [ud + a + √pad + i] aor of upapajjati
āmanteti (pr) invites; calls; summons [ā + mante + ti] pr
attamana (adj) pleased; happy; delighted; elated [atta + mana] adj, comp
bhāsita 1 (nt) saying; speech; statement; [√bhās + ita] nt, pp of bhāsati
abhinandati 1 (pr) delights (in); is pleased (with); [abhi + nanda + ti] pr

Locative case: -e, -mhi, -smiṁ (See PDF)

Ekaṁ samayaṁ (buddho) bhagavā bārāṇasiyaṁ viharati isipatane migadāye.

Ekaṁ samayaṁ bhagavā gayāyaṁ viharati gayāsīse saddhiṁ bhikkhu-sahassena.

Mettañ'ca sabba-lokasmiṁ / Mānasaṁ bhāvaye aparimāṇaṁ

Aggasmiṁ dānaṁ dadataṁ / aggaṁ puññaṁ pavaḍḍhati

samaya 1.1 (masc) time; occasion [saṁ + √i > ay + *a] masc, from sameti
miga 1 (masc) deer masc
dāya 1.1 (masc) wood; grove; park masc
gayā 1 (fem) name of a village fem
sīsa 1 (nt) head nt
saddhiṁ (ind) together (with); with ind, prep
sahassa 1 (card) one thousand (1000) card, nt sg
mānasa 2 (nt) mind; heart; mentality; intention [manas + *a] nt, from manas
bhāvaye (opt) should cultivate; should develop [bhāvaya + e] opt of bhāvayati
aparimāṇa 1 (adj) measureless; boundless [na > a + pari + √mā + aṇa] adj
agga 1.1 (adj) highest; topmost; foremost; supreme; ultimate adj
dāna 1.1 (nt) giving; offering; charity; generosity [√dā + ana] nt, act, from dadāti
dadāti (pr) gives; offers; donates; grants (something to) [dadā + ti] pr
pavaḍḍhati 1 (pr) increases; develops; grows [pa + vaḍḍha + ti] pr

Present participle: -ant, -māna (See PDF)

gacchati → gacchanto, gacchamāna; viharati → viharanto; vediyati → vediyamāna

Dīghaṁ vā assasanto 'dīghaṁ assasāmī'ti pajānāti, dīghaṁ vā passasanto 'dīghaṁ passasāmī'ti pajānāti.

Instrumental case: -ena, -inā, -ehi (See PDF)

Translate: The king goes to the village with a chariot.

majjhimā paṭipadā tathāgatena abhisambuddhā

Sabba-buddhānubhāvena, Sadā sotthī bhavantu te

Buddhaṁ me vandamānena...

Ādittaṁ rāgagginā dosagginā mohagginā, ādittaṁ jātiyā jarāmaraṇena

sokehi paridevehi dukkhehi domanassehi upāyāsehi ādittan'ti vadāmi.

Natthi me saraṇaṁ aññaṁ buddho me saraṇaṁ varaṁ, / Etena sacca-vajjena sotthi me hotu sabbadā

ādāyati (burning) → +ta (past participle) āditta → nt.nom. ādittaṁ

Absolutive: -tvā (See PDF)

(AN 5.106) Atha kho āyasmā ānando yena bhagavā tenupasaṅkami; upasaṅkamitvā bhagavantaṁ abhivādetvā

ekamantaṁ nisīdi. Ekamantaṁ nisinno kho āyasmā ānando bhagavantaṁ etadavoca:

"Kittāvatā nu kho, bhante, bhikkhu saṅghe viharanto phāsuṁ vihareyyā"ti?

(MN 82) Ādīnavaṁ kāmaguṇesu disvā, Tasmā ahaṁ pabbajitomhi rāja.

(SN 48.11) Katamañca, bhikkhave, samādhindriyaṁ? Idha, bhikkhave, ariyasāvako

vossaggārammaṇaṁ karitvā labhati samādhiṁ, labhati cittassa ekaggataṁ --

idaṁ vuccati, bhikkhave, samādhindriyaṁ.

yena 3 (ind) where; wherever; in which direction; to; towards [ya + ena] ind, adv, instr sg of ya
upasaṅkamati (pr) approaches; goes (to); visits [upa + saṁ + kama + ti] pr
abhivādetvā (abs) having bowed down (to); having paid high respect (to) [abhi + vāde + tvā]
ekamantaṁ 1 (ind) to one side; aside [ekaṁ + anta + aṁ]
nisīdi 1 (aor) sat (on); sat down (in) [ni + sīda + i] aor of nisīdati
nisinna 1 (pp) seated (in) [ni + sīda + na] pp of nisīdati
etadavoca (aor) said this (to) [etad + avoca] aor, comp vb
kittāvatā (ind) in what way?; to what extent?; in what respect? [kittāva + tā] ind, adv, comp, interr
nu (ind) (adds a question mark) surely?; didn't?; wouldn't?; which? ind, interr
phāsuṁ (ind) easily; comfortably [√phus > phās + *u + uṁ], [phāsu + uṁ]
ādīnava 2 (masc) disadvantage (of); drawback (of); [ādīnavant + a] masc, from ādīna
kāmaguṇa 1 (masc) object of sensual pleasure [kāma + guṇa] masc, comp
disvā (abs) having seen; having understood; having found out [√dis + tvā] abs of √dis
tasmā 1 (pron) from that [ta + smā] pron, masc & nt abl sg of ta
ahaṁ (pron) I pron
pabbajitomhi (sandhi) I am ordained (in); I am a monk (in) [pabbajito + amhi] sandhi, pp + pr
katama (pron) what?; which (of the many)? [ka + tama] pron, interr, from ka
samādhindriya (nt) power of a collected mind; faculty of mental stability [samādhi + indriya]
vossaggārammaṇa (nt) foundation of complete relinquishment [vossagga + ārammaṇa]
labhati 1 (pr) gets; receives; obtains (something for) [labha + ti] pr
ekaggatā (fem) unification; oneness [eka + agga + tā] fem, abstr, comp, from ekagga
vuccati (pr) is said to be; is called [vucca + ti] pr, pass of vacati

Past Participle: -ta, -ita, -na (See PDF)

bhāvita pp. of bhāveti, √bhū + *e + ita pamatta pp. of pamajjati, pa + √mad + ta
vutta pp. of vacati, √vac + ta pahīna pp. of pajahati, pa + √hā + na

Cattāro satipaṭṭhānā bhāvitā bahulīkatā, satta-bojjhaṅge paripūrenti.

Sabbaṁ bhikkhave ādittaṁ.

Cakkhuṁ bhikkhave ādittaṁ, rūpā ādittā, cakkhuviññāṇaṁ ādittaṁ, cakkhusamphasso āditto,

bhavati 1 (pr) is; is being; becomes [bhava + ti] pr
bhāveti (pr) cultivates; develops [bhāve + ti] pr, caus of bhavati
paripūreti 1 (pr) fills up; fills out; saturates [pari + pūre + ti] pr, caus of paripūrati
paripūreti 3 (pr) fulfils; completes; accomplishes [pari + pūre + ti] pr, caus of paripūrati

Genitive case: -assa, -naṁ (See PDF)

Buddho dukkhassa ghātā ca vidhātā ca hitassa me

Evam-etassa kevalassa dukkhakkhandhassa samudayo hoti.

Yo pana bhikkhu bhikkhussa pattaṁ vā cīvaraṁ vā ... apanidheyya...

ghāta 2 (masc) killer; executioner; slayer [√ghaṭ > ghāṭ + *a]
vidhātar (masc) Creator masc, agent
hita 3 (nt) benefit (of); blessing [√dhā > (da)h + ita] nt, pp of dahati
etassa 2 (pron) of this [eta + ssa] pron, masc & nt gen sg of eta
kevala 1 (adj) all; whole lot; altogether; total; entire; complete adj

Dative case: -āya, -assa (See PDF)

... upasamāya, abhiññāya, sambodhāya, nibbānāya saṁvattati.

Āyasmato koṇḍaññassa virajaṁ vītamalaṁ dhammacakkhuṁ udapādi

Yo pana bhikkhu bhikkhussa sāmaṁ cīvaraṁ datvā...

Yo pana bhikkhu bhikkhussa duṭṭhullaṁ āpattiṁ anupasampannassa āroceyya...

upasama 1 (masc) calmness (of); tranquility (of); [upa + √sam + a] masc, abstr, from upasammati
abhiñña (adj) with direct knowledge; with realization [abhiññā + a] adj, in comps, from abhiññā
sambodha (masc) full awakening; perfect understanding [saṁ + √budh > bodh + *a] masc, from sambujjhati
saṁvattati (pr) leads (to); results (in); causes [saṁ + vatta + ti] pr
viraja (adj) pure; stainless; untainted [vi + √raj + a] adj, from virajati
vītamala (adj) stainless; spotless; without taint; blemish free [vīta + mala] adj, comp

Locative Absolute: noun loc. + participle loc.

vacati → vutta → vutte: Evaṁ vutte, aññataro bhikkhu bhagavantaṁ etadavoca ...

vutta 2.1 (pp) said; told; spoken; mentioned [√vac > vuc + ta] pp of vacati
aññatara 1 (pron) a certain; a [añña + tara] pron, from añña
etadavoca (aor) said this (to) [etad + avoca] aor, comp vb

Future past participle: -tabba (See PDF)

Kammaṁ, bhikkhave, veditabbaṁ ...pe... kammanirodhagāminī paṭipadā veditabbā'ti ...

'Taṁ kho panidaṁ dukkhaṁ ariyasaccaṁ pariññeyyan'ti ... pariññātaṁ

Dukkhasamudayaṁ a.s. pahātabbaṁ ... pahīnaṁ

Dukkhanirodhaṁ a.s. sacchikātabbaṁ ... sacchikataṁ

D.n.gāminī paṭipadā a.s. bhāvetabbaṁ ... bhāvitaṁ

pariññeyya 1 (ptp) should be fully understood [pari + √ñā + eyya] ptp of parijānāti
pahātabba (ptp) should be given up (by) [pa + √hā + tabba] ptp of pajahati
sacchi (adj) personal; witnessing for oneself [sa + √akkh + i] adj, in comps, from akkhi
bhāvetabba (ptp) should be cultivated; should be developed [bhāve + tabba] ptp of bhāveti

Optative: -eyya (See PDF)

The optative generally indicates that the situation is hypothetical. It is often used to imply sense of 'it would, if'.

evaṁ bhāveyya sattavassāni

na'y'idaṁ saṅkhārā ābādhāya saṁvatteyyuṁ

Infinitive: -tuṁ (See PDF)

Kāyena vācāya va cetasā vā / Buddhe kukammaṁ pakataṁ mayā yaṁ

Buddho paṭiggaṇhātu accayantaṁ / Kālantare saṁvarituṁ va buddhe

kāya 1.1 (masc) body; physical body; physical process [√ci > ki > kay + *a] masc, from cināti
vācā 1 (fem) speech; words; statement; talk [√vac > vāc + *ā] fem, from vacati
cetas (masc) mind; thought; intention [√cit > cet + *as] masc, mano group, from ceteti
ku 1 (prefix) bad; wrong prefix
pakata 1 (pp) made (by); created (by); produced (by); forged (by) [pa + √kar + ta] pp of pakaroti
mayā 1 (pron) by me; with me pron, 1st instr sg of ahaṁ
paṭiggaṇhāti 2 (pr) (of an apology) accepts [pati + gaṇhā + ti] pr
accaya 3 (masc) fault; offence; transgression [ati > aty > acc + √i > ay + *a] masc, from acceti
accayati 1 (pr) goes beyond; gets past; transcends; surpasses [ati > aty > acc + aya + ti] pr
kālantara (nt) interval, period nt, comp
saṁvarati (pr) restrains; controls [saṁ + vara + ti] pr